indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
favorite; favourite; pet (e.g. teacher's pet); bookmark (in web browser)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
stuffed toy; stuffed animal; plush toy; soft toy; cuddly toy
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
at hand; on hand; way of moving one's arms; skill; money at hand; pocket money
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
security blanket; comfort blanket; comfort object
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to pick up; to adopt (e.g. a proposal); to accept; to take away; to confiscate; to deliver (a baby)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
emotion; feeling; feelings; sentiment
energy; energy; strength; energy source; energy resource; food energy
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to wake up; to awake; to awaken to (instinct, ability, perception, etc.); to become aware of; to come to one's senses
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!