year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
scattering; diffusion; spread (e.g. signal across the spectrum)
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
unique; peculiar; singular
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
leading part; leading actor; leading actress
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to speak; to say; to vocalize
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to operate (e.g. a machine); to handle; to have a good command of (a language); to play proficiently (of a musical instrument); to work (a puppet); to pull the strings of a puppet
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
of course; certainly; naturally
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
activity (of a person, organization, animal, volcano, etc.); action; movie (esp. during the silent movie period)