indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
by means of; due to; because of; according to
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
common; shared; to be common (to); to be shared (by); -wide
component; factor; item (e.g. in list); element (e.g. in array); member (e.g. data structure)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
be considered; be deemed; be thought to be
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
in that way; thus; so; so?
correct; right; correct interpretation (answer, solution)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
chattering; talk; idle talk; chatty; talkative; chatterbox
mischief; prank; pastime; hobby; playing with (a lighter, etc.); fooling around with
family; members of a family
basics; fundamentals; basis; foundation
married couple; husband and wife; man and wife; his and hers; pair of objects, one larger (for man), one smaller (for woman)
but then; although; though; reasonable; natural; just
those (near the second person)
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
for example; for instance; e.g.
system; organization; organisation; imperial command; laws; regulation
related to; in relation to; as far as ... is concerned
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
blood relationship; consanguinity; blood relative
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best