indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
place; location; room; space; sumo tournament
by means of; due to; because of; according to
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
common; shared; to be common (to); to be shared (by); -wide
element; component; factor; element (e.g. in array); member (e.g. data structure)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
be considered; be deemed; be thought to be
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
correct answer; right solution; correct interpretation; right decision; right choice; appropriate judgement
family system; the family (as an institution)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
chattering; talk; idle talk; chatty; talkative; chatterbox
mischief; prank; mischievous; naughty; pastime; hobby
basics; fundamentals; basis; basically; fundamentally
married couple; husband and wife; man and wife
but then; although; though; reasonable; natural; just
various; a variety of; variously; in various ways; various things; this and that
for example; for instance; e.g.
system; organization; organisation; imperial command; laws; regulation
regarding ...; concerning ...; about ...; on ...; with respect to ...; in regard to ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
blood relationship; consanguinity; blood relative
from the standpoint of; from the viewpoint of; on; above; the best; top