indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
devil; demon; Satan; the Devil; Māra; evil spirits or forces that hinder one's path to enlightenment
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
son (of others); boy; young master; green young man from a well-to-do family; young man innocent of the ways of the world
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
war; fighting; fierce competition