indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
aster (Aster tataricus); Tartarian aster; Michaelmas daisy
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan); sappanwood dye (red in colour); layered colour (light brown on the front, dark red beneath)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
in that way; thus; so; so?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
copy; photocopy; blurb on a book jacket; catch copy
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
now; the present time; just now; another; more
adds force or indicates command
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed