indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
blockade; lockdown; sealing off (an area); freezing (funds)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
just now; at this moment; at this point of time
gait; walk; stride; trace (e.g. of route taken by hunted criminal); track; trail
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
flight; desertion; escape
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
re-; again; repeated; deutero-; deuto-; deuter-
landing; going ashore; disembarkation; making landfall (of a typhoon); striking land; hitting land
site; point on a map; spot
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
depending on; as soon as; immediately after; as (e.g. "as one is told", "as one wishes"); whatever (e.g. "whatever is at hand"); order; program
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
neighborhood; vicinity; environs; approaching
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
standing by; awaiting an opportunity; being on alert
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
(not) even when using ...; (not) even with the help of ...; (not) even by ...
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least