indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
jack; knave; (electrical) jack; hijack; hijacking
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
study; diligence; discount; reduction
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
father; dad; husband; you; he
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
in that way; thus; so; so?
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
adds force or indicates command
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?