indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
Jon; John; Gjon; Jonathan
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
jack; knave; (electrical) jack; hijack; hijacking
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
adds force or indicates command
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)