indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
society; the world; the times
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
(abstract) symbol; emblem; representation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
people (of a country); nation; citizen; national
grounds; foundation; authority; support; prop; something upon which to rely
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to rely on; to depend on; to count on; to turn to (for help)
pillar; post; support; prop; counter for buddhas, gods, nobles, etc.
so; therefore; accordingly; consequently; on those grounds; that is why
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
nothing; naught; nought; un-; non-
individuality; personality; quirk; idiosyncrasy; character; individual characteristic
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
nori; laver; edible seaweed, usu. Porphyra yezoensis or P. tenera, usu. dried and pressed into sheets
was it?; I think it was ...; if I've got it right; (I, we) used to ...; I remember ...; it was ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to become broken; to break down; to be crazy; to be nuts; to be infatuated with; to be outdone (by someone)
green; greenery (esp. fresh verdure)
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family