indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
corrosion; etching; action of acid; saprophagy
the body; the flesh; the outer man; one's physique
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
to deceive; to falsify; to dodge; to beg the question (issue, difficulties); to varnish over; to gloss over
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to meet; to face someone; to co-star; to appear together; to be matched; to face against
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicate reason; infers some protest
slowly; unhurriedly; easily (e.g. in time); well; well (e.g. sleep); comfortably
story; tale; talk; discussion
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to attempt; to test; to try out
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
how many people; a number of people