indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
gate; branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master; division; phylum; counter for cannons
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah