indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
speaking of ...; when it comes to ...; as for ...; if one were to say ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
roost; nest; pad; crib; one's home
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to overlook; to command a view of; to look down on; to despise; to look down on
cheap; inexpensive; calm; peaceful; quiet
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
style; manner; way; after (period of time) again (e.g. meeting again after a year); for the first time in (period of time)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
detached building; solitary house; room detached from main house; separation from; loss of interest in; independence of
far away; distant place; long ago; far back; by far
to face; to go towards; to head towards
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
although I say; although one might say; although called
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!