indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
mountain-dwelling robber; brigand
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
(husked grains of) rice; staple (product, etc.); necessity
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!