indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
program (musical, concert, theatrical, etc.); programme
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
mountain-dwelling robber; brigand
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to fire (gun, arrow, questions, etc.); to shoot; to set free; to release; to emit (e.g. light); to give off (e.g. a scent)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
rope; cord; policeman's rope
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
ease; relaxation; comfort; unwinding
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
sightseeing; scout; patrol; watchtower; lookout
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
tortoise; turtle; heavy drinker; turtle crest; turtle mon
than; from; out of; except; but; more
urgency; exigency; emergency
business; thing to be done; something that should be performed; information that should be conveyed
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
entering; setting (of the Sun); containing; content; income; beginning
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
rudeness; impoliteness; discourtesy; insolence
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
the aforementioned; the said; (man, incident, etc.) in question; the usual
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then