indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
excavation; exhumation; discovery (e.g. new talent)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to end; to be finished; to die; to perish; to do utterly; to do completely
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
details; particulars; detailed; specific; close-up view (of a digitally displayed map); zoomed-in view
actual spot; scene (of a crime, accident, etc.); (on) site; (on) the ground; filming location; (movie) set
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
certainly; without fail; right and wrong; pros and cons
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
adds force or indicates command
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
summer vacation; summer holiday
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
to receive favor (favour); to be much obliged to someone; to be indebted
professor; teaching; instruction
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
hurriedly; in a hurry; in haste; (arch.) sudden
historic ruins (remains, relics); archeological site
investigation; examination; inquiry; enquiry; survey
to help; to assist; to aid; to contribute to; to be a factor in
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
bothersome; tiresome; bother to do
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade