indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
tool; means; ingredients (added to soup, rice, etc.); counter for sets of armor, utensils, furniture, etc.
valuation; appraisal; evaluation; appreciation; recognition; acknowledgement
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the same rank; equality; apposition
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
to plan; to form a plan; to scheme; to envision; to intend to do
avenue; street; coming and going; street traffic; flow (of water, air, etc.); transmission (of sound); reach (e.g. of voice)
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
background knowledge; prerequisite knowledge
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
dealing with; coping with
art; technique; means; way; trick; trap
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to find out; to discover; to select; to pick out; to look out (from the inside); to be wide-eyed (in surprise, anger, etc.)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
bureau; department; office (e.g. post, telephone); broadcasting station (e.g. television, radio); affair; situation
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
collecting; accumulating; collection (of art, stamps, insects, etc.); garbage collection; waste collection
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
mobilization; mobilisation
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
extermination; expulsion; destruction
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to manage; to deal with; to cope with; to sentence; to condemn; to punish
measure; step; countermeasure; counterplan; countermove; strategy