indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
li (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: fire, south)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
zhen (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: thunder, east)
dui (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: swamp, west)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
bringing certain death; deadly; knockout (blow)
(arch.) pit; (arch.) hole; kan (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: water, north)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
unidentified mysterious animal
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
fashion; way; school (of thought); class; rank; current (electrical, water, etc.)
to sew; to stitch; to weave one's way (e.g. through a crowd)