indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
bringing certain death; deadly; knockout (blow)
li (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: fire, south)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
fashion; way; school (of thought); class; rank; current (electrical, water, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
dui (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: swamp, west)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
now; the present time; just now; another; more
zhen (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: thunder, east)
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
reverse; opposite; converse (of a hypothesis, etc.); inverse (function)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
adds force or indicates command
please (give me); please (do for me)
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
ghost; apparition; phantom; spectre; specter; demon
(arch.) pit; (arch.) hole; kan (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: water, north)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
head of family; originator