indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
fashion; way; school (of thought); class; rank; current (electrical, water, etc.)
bringing certain death; deadly; knockout (blow)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
zhen (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: thunder, east)
head of family; originator
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
li (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: fire, south)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
(arch.) pit; (arch.) hole; kan (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: water, north)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
dui (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: swamp, west)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
adds force or indicates command
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
large; big; older; senior; final; ultimate
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff