indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
fashion; way; school (of thought); class; rank; current (electrical, water, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
tiger (Panthera tigris); drunkard; drunk; sot
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
suffix for familiar person
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed