indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
fashion; way; school (of thought); class; rank; current (electrical, water, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the northeastern (unlucky) direction; person or thing to be avoided; (lit.) the demon's gate; weak point; Achilles' heel
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
aaah!; oooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
bringing certain death; deadly; knockout (blow)
head of family; originator
unidentified mysterious animal
(arch.) pit; (arch.) hole; kan (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: water, north)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
ghost; apparition; phantom; spectre; specter; demon
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)