indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
honorific/polite/humble prefix
suffix for familiar person
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
aaah!; oooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
dui (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: swamp, west)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
(arch.) pit; (arch.) hole; kan (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: water, north)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
tiger (Panthera tigris); drunkard; drunk; sot
li (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: fire, south)
zhen (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: thunder, east)