indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
suffix for familiar person
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
idea; plan; draft; rough copy; expectation; (arch.) desk
field; farm; rural; agricultural; stray (e.g. dog, cat); unauthorised (esp. smartphone application)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen