indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
boss; leader; kingpin; chief; head (e.g. of a crime syndicate)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
chivalry; generosity; heroism; chivalrous spirit; helping the weak and fighting the strong
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
suffix for familiar person
decorative black flagpole tassel made from tail hair (of a yak, horse, ox, etc.) or dyed hemp
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
(another's) daughter; young lady
falling cherry blossoms; storm of falling cherry blossoms
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!