indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to smash; to crush; to shut down; to put out of business; to wreck; to break; to butcher
hunting; harvesting (e.g. berries, fruit); picking; gathering
hi!; yo!; hey man!; hey dude!
party (political); person who is fond of; fan of
wolf (Canis lupus); wolf in sheep's clothing; womanizer
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go against; to oppose; to disobey; to defy
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to disappear (of people or animals); to go (away); to leave; to no longer exist
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
humanity and justice (esp. in Confucianism); virtue; duty; formal greeting (between yakuza, street vendors, gamblers, etc.); (gang's) moral code
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; (arch.) that's right
benevolence (esp. as a virtue of Confucianism); consideration; human; kernel; nucleolus
morality; righteousness; meaning; teachings; doctrine; nonconsanguineous relationship (i.e. of in-laws)
honesty; sincerity; trust; reliance; (religious) faith; devotion
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
unity; consolidation; uniformity; unification; compatible
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
please; somehow or other; one way or another
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
safety; security; safely; without incident; good health; inaction
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
God; god; ace; king; superior person
please (give me); please (do for me)
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet