yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
to rest (from work, studying, etc.); to take a break
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
adds force or indicates command
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
once; for a short time; briefly; (arch.) one morning
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
enjoyment; pleasure; diversion; anticipation; looking forward to
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
suffix for familiar person
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; so?
with trouble; at great pains; rare; valuable; kind; generous
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to row (a boat) to (a pier, shore, etc.); to reach (a goal after considerable effort); to arrive at; to (finally) manage to do
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
I see; that's right; indeed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
spring water; clear (pure) water
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
able; capable; competent; talented; efficient
assistant; helper; assistant (to a professor)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as