yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
to rest (from work, studying, etc.); to take a break
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
come (on); come now; all right; right; well; hmm
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
once; for a short time; briefly; (arch.) one morning
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
end; conclusion; last; final; once ...; the moment ... (, that's it)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
enjoyment; pleasure; amusement; anticipation; looking forward to; something to look forward to
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
suffix for familiar person
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
with trouble; at great pains; rare; valuable; kind; generous
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to row (a boat) to (a pier, shore, etc.); to reach (a goal after considerable effort); to arrive at; to (finally) manage to do
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
I see; that's right; indeed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
spring water; clear (pure) water
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryō period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
able; capable; competent; talented; efficient
assistant; helper; assistant (to a professor); research assistant