indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
unusual power; superpower; ability beyond that of humans
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
adds force or indicates command
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
strength; power; proficiency; ability
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy