indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
lion; left-hand guardian dog at a Shinto shrine
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
adds force or indicates command
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
eboshi; black-lacquered headgear (made of silk, cloth or paper) originally worn by court nobles in ancient Japan
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
sun; saint; San (people); son
Japanese wolf (Canis lupus hodophilax, extinct); wild dog
honorific/polite/humble prefix
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
foot-operated bellows; foot bellows
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience