year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
Nagano prefecture (Chūbu area)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
junior high school student; middle school pupil
by means of; due to; because of; according to
unheard-of; unprecedented; unparalleled in history (unparallelled); record-breaking
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mass killing; mass murder; bloodbath
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
to come to an end; to close the curtain
innocence; guiltlessness; absence of the fact; insubstantiality; (arch.) insincerity; (arch.) dishonesty
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
claim; insistence; assertion; advocacy; emphasis; contention
willpower; energy; vitality
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
disappointment; despair; despondency; broken heart; adversity
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to thrust down; to push off
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
earnings; proceeds; returns; revenue
management; administration; operation
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
privatization; privatisation
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
death penalty; capital punishment
unforeseen; unexpected; sudden; accidental