indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
to look down on (someone); to make fun of; to put down; to treat with contempt; to underestimate
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
alien (from another planet)
just now; a moment ago; this very minute
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
erasure; denial; obliteration; ignoring (an opinion)
target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
on a routine basis; regularly; habitually
monitoring; watching; observation; surveillance; guarding; supervision
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
acting rashly; running wildly; runaway (process); reckless baserunning
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
any more; any further; any better; any longer
to make noise; to make racket; to rustle; to swoosh; to make merry; to clamor; to clamour
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
disposal; throwing away; dealing with (a problem); measure; punishment; penalty
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
even if; even though; however; no matter how
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
now; the present time; just now; another; more
hurrying (to somewhere); rushing; hastening; express (train)