indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
slave (device); slave (person)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
giga-; 10^9; gigabyte; GB; data traffic (esp. on mobile phone)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
copy; photocopy; blurb on a book jacket; catch copy
original; unique (e.g. product); signature; exclusive
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
how; in what way; how about
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
tradition; legend; folklore
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)