indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
special; particular; extraordinary; exceptional; especial
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
state-supported provincial temple (Nara period)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
to connect; to link together; to tie; to fasten; to maintain; to preserve
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
now; the present time; just now; another; more
custom; practice; said; aforementioned; instance; example
attaching (documents, etc.); appending; affixing
email; mail (usu. in compound words); post; message (sent over a chat application); instant message; male