indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
capacity; volume; capacitance
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
program (of events, music, etc.); programme; program (booklet); brochure; (computer) program; programming
execution (e.g. of a plan); carrying out; practice; action; implementation; fulfillment
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
obstacle; hindrance; impediment; difficulty
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
in that way; thus; so; so?
to be in danger of; to be liable to
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
deletion; elimination; erasure; striking out
recommendation; advice; suggestion; encouragement
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
installation (esp. software)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
recommendation; endorsement
looking up (e.g. a word in a dictionary); retrieval (e.g. data); searching for; referring to
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
moving (dwelling, office, etc.); changing residence
congratulations!; well done!; best wishes!; all the best!
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
ago; since; before; previous
to master (a skill); proprietor; manager; leader; chief; master (of arts, science, etc.); master (recording)
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
Yue (kingdom in ancient China; 6th C-334 BCE); Vietnam
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember