adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
of course; certainly; naturally
development; revitalization; standing (something) up; waking up; tilling a rice field; drawing a card from the draw pile
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to apologize (apologise); to refuse; to decline; to be unable to bear; to be defeated (by)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to be careful; to pay attention; to take care
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
for heaven's sake (Pete's, mercy's, etc.); for pity's sake; oh stop; lay off
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
honest; frank; candid; honestly; frankly
to lose one's way; to get lost; to waver; to hesitate; to be captivated (by); to be infatuated (with)
from now; from this moment; henceforth
to run to; to come running; to rush (someplace); to hasten
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to