indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
father; dad; husband; you; he
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
honorific/polite/humble prefix
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
bag; satchel; briefcase; basket
thesis; essay; treatise; paper; article
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality