indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if so; in that case; in that situation
certain; sure; definite; reliable; sound; solid
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
friend; ally; supporter; taking sides with; supporting; standing by
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
miniature shrine with double doors (used to store important Buddhist items such as sutras, etc.); cabinet with double doors (used by the nobility to store books, etc.); (in Okinawa) carved and decorated stone container for storing the bones of one's ancestors
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
commercial (radio, TV, etc.); ad; construction management; contract manufacturer; customer management; court martial
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
all; entire; whole; altogether
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
violent; furious; extreme; intense; fervent; vehement
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
enough; sufficient; sufficiently; fully; division into ten
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to shine; to glitter; to sparkle
loveable; very likeable; like very much
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...