indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
commercial (radio, TV, etc.); ad; construction management; contract manufacturer; customer management; court martial
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in that way; thus; so; so?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed