indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
to grow cold (from room temperature, e.g. in refrigerator); to get chilly; to cool down
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
throughout; over a period of ...; over a span of ...
underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
martial arts which involve fighting without weapons; combat sport; one-on-one fighting sport
place; spot; grounds; arena; stadium; range
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
class-A; A class; A grade
ghost; apparition; phantom; spectre; specter; demon
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to endure; to keep out (e.g. rain); to pull through; to get over; to surpass; to outdo
to build up one's strength; to get stronger; to give (someone) strength; to cheer (someone) up; to encourage (someone)
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
myself; yourself; I; me; you
close associate; close aide; brains-truster
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
seitai; manipulative therapy based on Chinese and Japanese traditions, and encompassing osteopathy, massage and chiropractic
teacher; master; religious leader; specialist; (arch.) five-battalion brigade comprising 2500 men (Zhou-dynasty Chinese army)
rain shower in late autumn (fall) or early winter; seasonable rain
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to order; to command; to appoint
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to give (time, money, goods); to donate; to do; to perform; to apply (processing, makeup, etc.); to add (e.g. ornamentation, annotation)
surgery; operation; procedure; skill with one's hands; sleight of hand
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to interpret; to understand
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
older brother; elder brother
to give one's name (as); to introduce oneself (as); to claim to be; to call oneself; to reveal oneself (as); to admit to being