indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
ice; shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
tear; tears; lachrymal secretion; sympathy
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
unwanted child; shunned child
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
ghost; apparition; phantom; spectre; specter; demon
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
older brother; elder brother
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
please (give me); please (do for me)
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
soldier; combatant; warrior
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
surgery; operation; procedure; skill with one's hands; sleight of hand
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine