prefix for forming ordinal numbers
match; game; bout; contest
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
attending (upon); keeping another company
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
fighting (against); taking on (an opponent); facing; confronting; competing (with); battle
soul; spirit; departed soul; ghost
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
existence; possession; having; limited company
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to entrust (someone) with; to leave (a matter) with someone; to have someone deliver (a message, parcel, etc.); to send (through someone); to use (something) to express (one's feelings, opinion, etc.); to express in the form of (something)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
(a) little; (a) few; slight; only; just; merely
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
hard fight; close game; struggle; tight contest
to force; to compel; to coerce; to press; to impose
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
secret plan; secret scheme; secret stratagem; secret method
mirror; looking-glass; barrel head; page added at the beginning of a document mentioning its purpose, date, author, etc.; mirror-shaped mochi
anti-; antithesis; fanqie; traditional Chinese spelling system in which two characters are used: the first one for the onset, the second one for rhyme and tone
important point (e.g. on a route); important role (responsibility, etc.); opposition
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
spicy; hot; salty; harsh (criticism); severe (punishment); painful
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
victory; triumph; conquest; success; win
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
general; admiral; head; chief; old chap; mate
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
opposite; opposition; versus; vs.; to (e.g. "winning a game five to three"); equal footing
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
to make a display of; to show off; to flaunt
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage