indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
Vermilion Bird (god said to rule over the southern heavens); seven mansions (Chinese constellations) of the southern heavens
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
cooked rice; meal; food; one's living; livelihood
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
counter for waves (of a repeated occurrence)
tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa); moutan; wild boar (meat)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
flute; fife; pipe; whistle
insect; bug; worm; roundworm; one's emotions; one's feelings; nervousness