indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
nori; laver; edible seaweed, usu. Porphyra yezoensis or P. tenera, usu. dried and pressed into sheets
suffix for familiar person
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
pain; ache; soreness; damage; injury; wear
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
alone; by oneself; on one's own
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
emotion; feeling; feelings; sentiment
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
strength; power; proficiency; ability