indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
means of making contact; intermediary; go-between; connections; influence; pull
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates two contrasting actions; (arch.) indicates possessive (often found in place names and compound words)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
fortune-telling; divination
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
honorific/polite/humble prefix
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...