indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
garden; yard; courtyard; field (of action); area
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
un-; non-; negative prefix
bamboo screen; rattan blind; bamboo mat (for rolling sushi)
craftsman; artisan; craft; craftsmanship; plot; scheme
fortune-telling; divination
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to stray from the right path; to go wrong; to go off the rails; to turn delinquent
degree (angle, temperature, scale, etc.); counter for occurrences; strength (of glasses); glasses prescription; alcohol content (percentage); alcohol by volume; extent
honorific/polite/humble prefix
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
doing; in such a state; doing together; doing to each other; familiarizing suffix (sometimes meaning "small")
hereditary occupational group (Yamato period)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that