indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
dancer (esp. a bugaku dancer)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
limited express (train for which a limited-express ticket is required); limited express (train making a limited no. of stops); great hurry
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
wicked person; evil person; scoundrel; bad thing; mischief
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
in that way; thus; so; so?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
adds force or indicates command
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university