indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
oh; ho; exclamation of surprise, admiration, etc.; hoo (owl call); toot (sound of a flute)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
dancer (esp. a bugaku dancer)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
tradition; legend; folklore
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
adds force or indicates command
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
beautiful face; good looks; beauty
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
secret medicine; secret remedy; nostrum; wonder drug; excellent remedy
limited express (train for which a limited-express ticket is required); limited express (train making a limited no. of stops); great hurry
rejuvenation; restoration of youth
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
salamander (in mythology); salamander (amphibian of the order Caudata)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)