indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
almost; roughly; approximately
repair; mending; fixing; servicing
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
substance; real form; main part; main unit; this machine; this appliance; object of worship (at a shrine, temple, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to already have enough; to already have what one needs; to be on time
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
dancer (esp. a bugaku dancer)
on the occasion of; at the time of
addition; supplement; appending; appendix
function; facility; faculty; feature
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until now; so far; up to the present
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
union; coalescence; amalgamation; copulation; penetration
to add; to add up; to increase; to gather (e.g. speed); to include; to count in
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
(following a verb) to be sure to; to do (something) so that ...; to make sure to; to try to
in that way; thus; so; so?