indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to betray; to turn traitor to; to double-cross
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
two persons; two people; pair; couple
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
please (give me); please (do for me)
memorial day; commemoration day; anniversary
young imperial prince; child of the imperial family; shrine dedicated to a child of the god of the main shrine; newly built shrine (to which a divided tutelary deity has just been transferred)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally