indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the dead; ghost; person who is obsessed (with money, power, etc.); person with a blind lust (for)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
mirror; looking-glass; barrel head; page added at the beginning of a document mentioning its purpose, date, author, etc.; mirror-shaped mochi
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
curse; spell; malediction
pension; guesthouse; bed and breakfast; private home providing lodging for travelers (travellers)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
seafood; products of the sea; marine products; fruits of the sea
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed