indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
whole; total; gross; entire; overall; general (election, manager, etc.)
military force; force of arms; strength of an army
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
about; roughly; generally; on the whole; completely; quite
100,000; hundred thousand
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
public affair; government matter; duke; prince; Sir; Lord
to lead; to spearhead (a group); to command (troops)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
10,000; ten thousand; 10^4
but; however; provided that
(medieval) knight; samurai on horseback
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be a match for; to rival; to equal; to compare with; to be equivalent to
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
Imperial Guard (Meiji); personal guard
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to play a leading role; to play a central part
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
direct control; direct supervision
force; unit; corps; squad; troops; party
excluding; except (for); apart from; outside (a boundary, scope, etc.)
nobility; aristocracy; peerage
to add; to add up; to increase; to gather (e.g. speed); to include; to count in
a little over; a little more than; strength; the strong; powerhouse; one of the biggest
Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty)
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
by means of; due to; because of; according to
dispatch; despatch; deployment; temporary employee (esp. from an agency); temporary worker; agency temp
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
command; direction; supervision; conducting (an orchestra, choir, etc.)
under (influence, control, conditions, etc. of); during (war, occupation, etc.)
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that